Heart valve pinch devices and delivery systems

ABSTRACT

Pinch devices and access systems that can be used to secure a prosthetic heart valve to a heart valve annulus and to treat valvular insufficiency. A pinch device can be a separate expandable element from the prosthetic heart valve that is first advanced to the annulus and deployed, after which an expandable prosthetic heart valve can be advanced to within the annulus and deployed. The two elements can clamp/pinch the heart valve leaflets to hold the prosthetic heart valve in place. The pinch device can have a flexible, expandable annular frame. A combined delivery system can deliver the pinch device and prosthetic heart valve with just a single access point and aid more accurate coaxial deployment. The pinch device can be mounted near distal end of an access sheath, and a catheter for delivering the prosthetic heart valve can be passed through a lumen of the same access sheath.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/508,625, filed Jul.11, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/703,888 filed Sep. 13, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/395,283, filed Sep. 15, 2016, all ofwhich are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to heart valve repair, including heartvalve repair using a heart valve pinch device and corresponding deliverysystem and method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The heart is a hollow muscular organ having four pumping chambersseparated by four heart valves: aortic, mitral (or bicuspid), tricuspid,and pulmonary. Heart valves are comprised of a dense fibrous ring knownas the annulus, and leaflets or cusps attached to the annulus.

Prosthetic heart valves can be used to treat cardiac valvular disorders.The native heart valves (such as the aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid, andmitral valves) serve critical functions in assuring the forward flow ofan adequate supply of blood through the cardiovascular system. Theseheart valves can be rendered less effective by congenital, inflammatory,or infectious conditions. Such conditions can eventually lead to seriouscardiovascular compromise or death. It is possible to surgically repairor replace the valve during open heart surgery, where a prosthetic valveis sutured in place, but such surgeries are time-consuming, dangerousand prone to complication.

Transvascular and transapical techniques can be used for introducing andimplanting a prosthetic heart valve using a flexible catheter in amanner that is less invasive than open heart surgery. In thesetechniques, a prosthetic valve can be mounted in a crimped state on theend portion of a flexible catheter and advanced through a blood vesselof the patient until the valve reaches the implantation site. The valveat the catheter tip can then be expanded to its functional size at thesite of the defective native valve, such as by inflating a balloon onwhich the valve is mounted. Alternatively, the valve can have aresilient, self-expanding stent or frame that expands the valve to itsfunctional size when it is advanced from a delivery sheath at the distalend of the catheter. These are sutureless techniques which greatlyreduces the procedure time.

Balloon-expandable valves can be used for treating heart valve stenosis,a condition in which the leaflets of a valve (e.g., an aortic valve)become hardened with calcium. The hardened leaflets provide a goodsupport structure on which the valve can be anchored within the valveannulus. Further, the catheter balloon can apply sufficient expandingforce to anchor the frame of the prosthetic valve to the surroundingcalcified tissue. There are several heart conditions, however, that donot involve hardened valve leaflets but which are still desirablytreated by valve replacement. For example, aortic insufficiency (oraortic regurgitation) occurs when an aortic valve does not closeproperly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle. One causefor aortic insufficiency is a dilated aortic annulus, which prevents theaortic valve from closing tightly. In such cases, the leaflets areusually too soft to provide sufficient support for a balloon-expandableprosthetic valve. Additionally, the diameter of the aortic annulus maycontinue to vary over time, making it dangerous to install a prostheticvalve that is not reliably secured in the valve annulus. Similarproblems can occur with other heart valves as well. For example, mitralinsufficiency (or mitral regurgitation) involves these same conditionsbut affects the mitral valve.

Self-expanding prosthetic valves can suffer from other problems. Forexample, if a self-expanding prosthetic valve is placed within thepatient's defective heart valve (e.g., the aorta or mitral valve), itcould continues to exert an outward force on the valve annulus. Thiscontinuous outward pressure could cause the valve annulus to dilatefurther, exacerbating the condition the valve was intended to treat.Additionally, when implanting a self-expanding valve, the outwardbiasing force of the valve's frame could cause the valve to be ejectedvery quickly from the distal end of a delivery sheath. This makesdelivery of the valve very difficult and dangerous to the patient.

The size of the prosthetic valve to be implanted into a patient can alsobe problematic when treating aortic or mitral insufficiency.Specifically, the size of a prosthetic valve used to treat aortic ormitral insufficiency would generally need to be larger than a prostheticvalve used to treat aortic or mitral stenosis. This larger valve sizecan make the delivery procedure much more difficult and dangerous to thepatient.

Another potential issue with sutureless valves is valve migration. Forexample, when an aortic prosthetic valve is implanted, 100-200 mmHgpressure loads on the aortic valve immediately. The pressure times thevalve surface area produces a substantial load force on the prostheticvalve and could cause valve migration towards the aortic arch. Anotherpotential cause of valve migration is a tilted valve landing. Whentilted, the prosthetic valve will have a larger surface area facing theblood flow, which could push the prosthetic valve into the aorta.

Treatment of the mitral valve can present additional challenges, andmethods and an apparatus appropriate for the aortic valve may not bewell suited for use with the mitral valve. For instance, the mitralvalve includes clusters of chordae tendineae extending from the valveleaflets to the walls of the ventricle that may interfere with placementof the prosthesis. The shape of the mitral valve, rather than beingcircular and uniform like the aortic valve, can be an oval orkidney-like shape that may not be well suited for supportingconventional stents of cylindrical configuration. Further, whereas theaortic valve annulus is often entirely surrounded by muscular tissue,the mitral valve annulus may be bounded by muscular tissue on the outer(posterior) wall only. The anterior side of the mitral valve annulus isbounded by a thin vessel wall adjacent the left ventricular outflowtract (“LVOT”), which must remain open to allow blood to pass into theaorta. As a result, the stent-type fixation may not be suitable for themitral valve because the anterior side of the native valve hasinsufficient radial strength and can distort, risking occlusion of theleft ventricular outflow tract. Moreover, mitral valve disease often isaccompanied by (or caused by) gradual enlargement of the native annulusand/or the left ventricle. Thus, treatment approaches which rely uponradial engagement with or outward compression against the native annulusare subject to failure as the size and shape of the annulus changes.

There is a need for improved methods, systems, and apparatus fordelivering expandable prosthetic heart valves (e.g., balloon-expandableor self-expandable prosthetic valves). Embodiments of the methods,systems, apparatus, devices, components, etc. disclosed herein can beused to replace native heart valves even when they do not have calcifiedleaflets (e.g., aortic valves suffering from aortic insufficiency).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Among other things, the present application discloses embodiments of apinch device used to secure a prosthetic heart valve to a heart valveannulus. The pinch device can also be termed a grip, a dock, aconstrictor, etc., and can comprise a separate expandable element thatis first advanced to the heart valve annulus and deployed, after whichan expandable heart valve is advanced to the annulus and deployed. Thecombination of the two elements applies a clamping/pinching force to theheart valve leaflets which holds the prosthetic heart valve in place.

The pinch device embodiments herein can be used with a number ofexpandable heart valves having either self- or mechanically- orballoon-expandable support frames. The system formed by the prostheticheart valve and pinch device may be implanted at any of the native heartvalves, for example, the aortic and mitral heart valves.

The pinch device can be a flexible, self-expandable annular stent-likeframe. The frame can have a continuous undulating shape with peaks andvalleys. While various numbers of peaks and valleys can be used, in oneembodiment, there are at least three and up to six peaks and threevalleys. The pinch device can be made of a super-elastic metallic alloysuch as Nitinol, or a similar expedient.

A deployment or delivery system can include a tubular access/deliverysheath. The access/delivery sheath can have a pinch device (e.g., any ofthe pinch devices described in this disclosure) mounted near the distalend thereof. The access/delivery sheath can also include a lumen throughwhich a catheter for delivering the prosthetic heart valve is passable.This combined delivery system for the pinch device and prosthetic heartvalve requires just a single access point, and the prosthetic heartvalve remains coaxial to the pinch device for more precise deploymenttherein.

An exemplary prosthetic heart valve system or prosthetic heart valve anddelivery system can comprise a variety of features and components. Forexample, the system can include an expandable prosthetic heart valvehaving a constricted diameter and an expanded diameter. The system canalso include a delivery catheter having a distal end on or in which theheart valve is mounted. The system can also include a pinch deviceseparate from the heart valve that has an expanded state defining anannular frame formed around a central axis. The frame can have peaks andvalleys (e.g., 2-12 peaks and/or 2-12 valleys) extending in oppositeaxial directions around its periphery.

The pinch device can include a super-elastic inner body or frame. Thebody/frame can be fully or partially covered with a biocompatible fabriccovering. The body/frame can have a plurality of buckles integrated withthe inner body/frame, and the plurality of buckles can project from aproximal end (or distal end) with or without any fabric covering. Thepinch device in its expanded state can be sized slightly smaller thanthe expanded diameter of the heart valve.

The system can include an access system, and the access system can havea proximal handle and a distal access sheath. The handle and sheath candefine a common lumen sized for passage therethrough of the distal endof the delivery catheter with the heart valve in its constricteddiameter thereon. The handle can include one or more hemostatic seals toprevent blood leakage proximally past the distal end of the deliverycatheter during use, e.g., as the delivery catheter passes through thelumen of the handle and sheath. The access system can further include aplurality of deployment arms fixed or axially movable therein, and eachdeployment arm can be coupled to one of the buckles of the pinch device.The pinch device can be positioned in a constricted state within adistal end of the access sheath and can be located distal with respectto the distal end of the delivery catheter, such that the pinch devicecan be expelled from the access sheath and self-expand prior to theheart valve by distal advancement of the deployment arms and/orretraction of the sheath.

The distal access sheath can be sized and configured to be introducedinto the heart and advanced so that the distal end thereof is adjacent anative heart valve, whereupon the pinch device can be expelled therefromand positioned around native heart valve leaflets and the deliverycatheter can be advanced to position the heart valve within the nativeheart valve leaflets such that expansion of the heart valve pinches theleaflets between the heart valve and pinch device.

Methods of using the various systems and/or devices herein and methodsof treating native heart valves (e.g., valvular insufficiency) caninclude any of the steps described in this disclosure. For example, abeating heart method can include forming a single access point, forexample through the mid-sternum area and into the left ventricleadjacent the apex of the heart. Alternatively, the single access pointmay be formed in the upper leg and into the femoral artery. Afterappropriate puncturing, widening/dilating, and sealing the access point,a tubular access sheath can be introduced and advanced into proximitywith the native heart valve being replaced. For instance, the accesssheath can be advanced into the left ventricle and through the aorticvalve such that a distal end is positioned in the ascending aorta. Apinch device can then be expelled from the distal end of the accesssheath and permitted to expand. Retraction of the access sheath cancause or permit the pinch device to seat against the aortic valveoutside (e.g., partially or fully outside) of the aortic leaflets.

The pinch device can be desirably held by elongated arms (e.g., threeelongated arms, 2-9 elongated arms, etc.) extending from the accesssheath. The arms can be spaced apart (e.g., three arms spaced 120°apart, two arms spaced 180° apart, or in other spacing arrangements suchthat the arms can pass between native leaflets at commissures). In oneembodiment, three arms can be spaced about 120° apart (e.g., ±5°) andcan be configured to and/or positioned such that they pass between theaortic leaflets in the commissure regions. Consequently, the aorticvalve can continue to function during the procedure.

A replacement prosthetic heart valve can then be advanced through theaccess sheath and within the aortic leaflets. The health care provider(e.g., doctor, surgeon, etc.) can expand the heart valve either byreleasing it from a constraining sheath or by outward expansion with aballoon or mechanically, for example. Expansion of the heart valve trapsaortic leaflets between it and the surrounding pinch device. Thedeployment arms can then be released from engagement with the pinchdevice, and the access sheath and delivery components removed from thebody. A similar procedure can be performed to replace the mitral valve,and either procedure can be accomplished using different access pointssuch as a percutaneous route through the femoral artery.

Methods, e.g., beating heart methods of delivering a prosthetic heartvalve through a single access point, can comprise first providing orobtaining an access/delivery system including a proximal handle and adistal access sheath. The handle and sheath can define a common lumen.At the distal end of the access system and sheath can be provided apinch device in a constricted state, wherein the pinch device has anexpanded state defining an annular frame. The pinch device can be thesame as or similar to other pinch devices described in this disclosure.The frame of the pinch device can be formed around a central axis havingpeaks and valleys (e.g., 2-12 peaks and 2-12 valleys) extending inopposite axial directions around its periphery. The pinch device caninclude a super-elastic inner body/frame, and can be covered (e.g.,fully or partially) with a biocompatible fabric covering. The pinchdevice or inner body/frame can include a plurality of buckles integratedwith the inner body/frame. The buckles can project from a proximal endwith or without any fabric covering (e.g., the biocompatible fabriccovering can extend over all or a portion of the buckles, or not extendto the buckles). The access system can further include a plurality ofdeployment arms fixed or axially movable therein. Each arm can becoupled to one of the buckles of the pinch device. The pinch device canbe positioned in a constricted state within a distal end of the accesssheath, and the pinch device can thus be expelled from the access sheathand self-expand by distal advancement of the deployment arms and/orretraction of the sheath.

The methods can further involve inserting a delivery catheter having anexpandable prosthetic heart valve mounted on a distal end into thecommon lumen from the handle. The prosthetic heart valve can be the sameas or similar to other prosthetic heart valves described in thisdisclosure. For example, the prosthetic heart valve can have aconstricted diameter and an expanded diameter, and the delivery catheterand prosthetic heart valve in its constricted diameter can be sized topass entirely through the common lumen and within the deployment arms.The expanded diameter of the prosthetic heart valve can be slightlylarger than a diameter of the pinch device in its expanded state toimprove retention.

While the heart is beating, an access incision can be formed to gainaccess to a heart chamber, and the access sheath can be advanced throughthe access incision until the distal end of the sheath is locatedadjacent or proximate a native heart valve annulus. The health careprovider (e.g. doctor, physician, surgeon, etc.) can expel the pinchdevice from the access sheath, e.g., by distal advancement of thedeployment arms and/or retraction of the sheath, such that the pinchdevice is unconstrained and self-expands to its expanded state. Thehealth care provider can then position the expanded pinch device aroundnative heart valve leaflets. The delivery catheter can be advancedthough the access system to position the prosthetic heart valve withinthe native heart valve leaflets and within the pinch device. Theprosthetic heart valve can be expanded to pinch the native heart valveleaflets between the prosthetic heart valve and pinch device, and thedeployment arms can be decoupled from the buckles to release the pinchdevice.

An exemplary pinch device for securing a prosthetic heart valve tonative heart valve leaflets, can comprise a device that has aconstricted state and an expanded state defining an annular frame. Theannular frame can be formed around a central axis and can have peaks andvalleys extending in opposite axial directions around its periphery. Thepeaks of the pinch device can project in a distal direction and thevalleys can project in a proximal direction. The pinch device caninclude a super-elastic inner body covered with a biocompatible fabricand the inner body can include a plurality of buckles with or withoutany fabric covering. The buckles can be located at terminal ends ofthree fingers extending in a proximal direction or distal direction fromthree of the peaks of the pinch device. The fingers and buckles can bedistributed evenly or asymmetrically around a periphery of the pinchdevice. The pinch device can be sized slightly smaller than an expandeddiameter of a heart valve, such that the pinch device can be expandedand positioned around native heart valve leaflets, and expansion of theheart valve within the leaflets pinches the leaflets between the heartvalve and pinch device. The inner body can include circumferentialstruts connecting each two adjacent peaks and valleys. The struts can bea variety of shapes and sizes. In one embodiment, each strut isgenerally S-shaped, with two curvatures separated by a point ofinflection. Each of the circumferential struts can terminate at itscorresponding peak and valley in an asymptotic manner such that it isnearly aligned or parallel with the vertical Z-axis.

The various systems and devices described above can include features andcomponents from other systems and devices described elsewhere herein andcertain features/components described above can be omitted. Similarlymethods described above can include additional steps described elsewhereherein and certain steps described above can be omitted.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, theprinciples of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an exemplary fabric-covered pinchdevice (e.g., a grip, dock, constrictor, etc.) having three peaks andvalleys around its circumference for use in heart valve placementprocedures described herein, and FIG. 1B is a perspective view of aninner body of the pinch device without the fabric covering;

FIGS. 2A-2E are schematic sectional views of a native aortic valveshowing sequential steps in transapical deployment of the exemplarypinch device and an expandable prosthetic heart valve therein during anaortic valve replacement procedure;

FIG. 3A is a perspective view of an exemplary pinch device having sixpeaks and valleys around its circumference for use in heart valvereplacement procedures described herein, and FIG. 3B is an exemplarypinch device modified for another valve replacement procedure;

FIGS. 4A-4D are perspective views of an exemplary access/delivery systemhaving a tubular access/delivery sheath for deploying the pinch devicesdescribed herein showing sequential steps in expulsion and release of anexemplary pinch device from the sheath;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are enlarged perspective views of an exemplary couplingarrangement between one of a plurality of deployment arms extending fromthe access sheath and an exemplary manipulation buckle extendingproximally from the pinch device in both coupled and uncoupledconfigurations;

FIG. 6A is a broken vertical sectional view through the exemplaryaccess/delivery system including the access/delivery sheath with anexemplary pinch device therein and a proximal handle;

FIG. 6B is a vertical sectional view through a distal end of the accesssheath after expulsion of the pinch device therefrom but beforedecoupling of the deployment arms;

FIG. 6C is a vertical sectional view through the proximal handle of theaccess system in particular showing a number of exemplary hemostaticseals, and FIGS. 6D and 6E are enlarged views of portions thereof;

FIGS. 7A-7C are enlarged views of a proximal end of the access systemhandle showing operation of an arm decoupling assembly;

FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the proximal end of the accesssystem handle showing an inner face of an end cap thereof; and

FIGS. 9A and 9B are elevational views of the end cap inner face relativeto a plurality of locking tabs in the handle in two different rotationalorientations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Disclosed herein are representative embodiments of a pinch device(sometimes referred to as a “grip,” “dock,” “constrictor,” etc.) thatcan be used to secure a prosthetic heart valve within a native heartvalve. For illustrative purposes, embodiments of the pinch device aredescribed as being used to secure an expandable heart valve such as atranscatheter heart valve (“THV”) in the aortic valve or the mitralvalve of a heart. The annular pinch device surrounds native heart valveleaflets and the heart valve is expanded within the leaflets so as to“pinch” the leaflets therebetween. It should be understood that thedisclosed pinch device and THV can be configured for use with any nativeheart valve. Also disclosed herein are exemplary methods and systems fordeploying the pinch device and corresponding THV, e.g., in a coordinatedmanner using a single access point.

The pinch device is desirably used in connection with embodiments of aballoon-expandable THV such as the Edwards SAPIEN 3 Transcatheter HeartValve made by Edwards Lifesciences of Irvine, Calif., or such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,118, which is hereby expresslyincorporated herein by reference. However, these exemplary THVs shouldnot be construed as limiting, and embodiments of the disclosed pinchdevice can be used to secure a wide variety of THVs delivered through avariety of mechanisms (e.g., self-expanding heart valves,mechanically-expandable heart valves, other balloon-expanding heartvalves, combinations of these, and the like). The term, “expandableheart valves” is intended to encompass all such varieties.

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an exemplary fabric-covered pinchdevice 20 (grip, dock, constrictor, etc.), and FIG. 1B is a perspectiveview of an inner body 22 of the pinch device without a fabric covering24. The pinch device 20 has a generally annular or toroidal bodyarranged around a vertical Z-axis 26 and formed from a suitablesuper-elastic metal or alloy, such as Nitinol. Other shapes and/ormaterials are also possible. Optionally, spring steel, a cobalt-chromealloy such as Elgiloy®, or other such elastic metals can be utilizedwith some modification to the delivery system. Desirably, the materialfrom which the pinch device 20 is fabricated allows it to be radiallycompressed to a reduced profile for delivery through the patient'svasculature and automatically expanded to its functional size and shapewhen deployed. With a supra-elastic material such as Nitinol the reducedradial profile can be very small, whereas with other materials which arenot so flexible, the pinch device 20 may only be partially constrictedfor delivery and then permitted to expand.

Although various numbers/arrangements of peaks and valleys are possible,the illustrated pinch device 20 includes three peaks 30, 32, 34 evenlyalternating with three valleys 40, 42, 44 around its circumference. Moreparticularly, the peaks 30, 32, 34 are spaced 120° apart, each 60°separated from adjacent valleys 40, 42, 44. The peaks and valleysdesirably lie in a tubular space such that the peaks 30, 32, 34 arepositioned above the valleys 40, 42, 44 in the Z-direction. In someembodiments, the peaks 30, 32, 34 have greater radii than the valleys40, 42, 44, or vice versa. For instance, in some embodiments, theprojection of the pinch device 20 onto an x-y plane forms a closed shapehaving a variable radius (e.g., a starfish shape).

In terms of orientation, the pinch devices herein can be delivered in adirection toward the target native heart valve with either the peaks orthe valleys leading, which will determine the proximal and distaldirections. That is, the leading end of an implant in a deliveryprocedure is termed the distal end, and vice versa. In the illustratedembodiment, the peaks 30, 32, 34 of the pinch device 20 are on theleading end and thus form the distal end of the device, while thevalleys 40, 42, 44 are on the trailing or proximal end. Furthermore, forthe purpose of clarity and reference, the distal direction coincideswith up along the Z-axis 26 in FIGS. 1A and 1B, while the proximaldirection coincides with down.

A plurality of struts can be used between adjacent peaks and/or valleys.For example, circumferential struts 46, 48 connect each two adjacentpeaks 30, 32, 34 and valleys 40, 42, 44. More particularly, as viewedlooking down along the axis 26, a first circumferential strut 46 extendsclockwise (CW) down from each one of the peaks 30, 32, 34 to each one ofthe valleys 40, 42, 44, and a second circumferential strut 48 extends upfrom the valley CW to the next peak. The struts (e.g., circumferentialstruts 46, 48) can be configured in a variety of shapes and sizes, e.g.,straight, curved, zig-zag, symmetrical, asymmetrical, etc. For example,in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the struts 46, 48 are shown as being generallyS-shaped, with two distinct curvatures separated by a point ofinflection. Each of the struts 46, 48 can terminate at its correspondingpeak and valley in an asymptotic manner such that it is nearly alignedwith the vertical Z-axis 26. Looking at the first circumferential strut46 in FIGS. 1A and 1B extending between the peak 34 and the valley 44, afirst segment 50 initially extends downward in a nearly verticaldirection and has a concave up curvature until a point of inflection 52at a midpoint of the strut. From there, a second segment 54 is curvedconcave down until it is nearly vertical at the valley 44. Whenimplanted, the struts 46, 48 are in direct contact with the native heartvalve leaflets, as will be explained, and this S-shaped configurationenhances their ability to pinch or clamp a wide area of the leafletagainst the expandable heart valve that is positioned within theleaflets.

A plurality of buckles 60 (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) can beintegrated with the inner body 22 to facilitate manipulation anddeployment of the pinch device 20. The term “integrated” in this regardmeans that the buckles 60 are either formed homogeneously with the restof the inner body 22 as a single piece, or that the buckles are securedto the inner body 22 in a manner which enables manipulation of thebuckles to manipulate the inner body. For example, the buckles 60 may bewelded to the inner body 22 after fabrication of both. Each buckle ofthe plurality of buckles 60 can be positioned on an end of an extension(e.g., a finger, peak, etc.). In the illustrated embodiment, each buckle60 is positioned on the lower end of a vertical finger 62 projectingdownward from each one of the peaks 30, 32, 34. As seen in FIG. 1A, eachof the buckles 60 remains exposed by virtue of not being covered by thefabric 24, but embodiments in which the buckles 60 are covered are alsopossible. Not covering the buckles 60 may help prevent interference ofthe fabric covering with the release/deployment arms that hold the pinchdevice during delivery.

The extensions (e.g., fingers, etc.) can have a variety of shapes andsizes. For example, in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the vertical height A asmeasured along the Z-axis 26 between the peaks 30, 32, 34 and valleys40, 42, 44 is shorter than the length B of each finger 62 with buckle60, such that the buckles 60 extend below the valleys 40, 42, 44. In oneembodiment, the height A can be between 13-14 mm, preferably about 13.9mm, and the length B of each finger 62 with buckle 60 can be between16-18 mm, and preferably about 17.0 mm. Each one of the illustratedbuckles 60 can have a substantially open square shape, although otherconfigurations/shapes (e.g., circular, oval, rectangular, polygonal,etc.) are contemplated. Each buckle 60 can have a height of about 2 mm,such that the height C of each finger 62 is between about 14-16 mm, andpreferably about 15.0 mm. A circumferential span between each twoadjacent peaks 30, 32, 34 (or between each two adjacent valleys 40, 42,44) can vary depending on the particular size of valve being implanted,for example between about 23-29 mm. In one embodiment, thecircumferential span between each two adjacent peaks 30, 32, 34 is about27.1 mm such that a diameter of the inner body 22 when formed into atoroid is about 25.9 mm, which would be suitable for clamping around aheart valve that expands to 27 mm.

The size of the pinch device 20 can vary from implementation toimplementation. In particular embodiments, the pinch device 20 can besized such that the pinch device can be positioned within the aorta of apatient at a location adjacent to the aortic valve, circumscribing theaortic valve and its leaflets. In order to frictionally secure aprosthetic heart valve in its interior, the pinch device 20 has anexpanded diameter that is slightly smaller than the diameter of theprosthetic heart valve when fully expanded. In particular embodiments,for instance, the pinch device can have an inner or outer diameterbetween 10 and 50 mm (e.g., between 17 and 28 mm) and a height between 5and 35 mm (e.g., between 8 and 18 mm). Furthermore, the thickness of theannular body of the pinch device 20 may vary from embodiment toembodiment, but in certain embodiments is between 0.3 and 1.2 mm. Thepinch device 20 can be formed by laser-cutting the shape from a tubularblank, resulting in square or rectangular cross-sectional struts.Subsequently, the struts may be further processed such as withelectropolishing to reduce any sharp edges or corners. Othermanufacturing and processing techniques are also possible.

As seen best in FIG. 1B, the peaks 30, 32, 34 and valleys 40, 42, 44 canhave flat ends that are perpendicular to the Z-axis 26. This featurefacilitates laser fabrication of the pinch device 20 by eliminatingtight curvatures at these points. Furthermore, because the peaks 30, 32,34 comprise the leading end during a transapical delivery, these flatends help prevent puncture of anatomical structures in case of anycontact therewith.

Delivery Method

FIGS. 2A-2E are schematic sectional views of a native aortic valve AVshowing sequential steps in an exemplary deployment of an exemplarypinch device 20 and an expandable prosthetic heart valve therein duringa beating heart valve replacement procedure. As mentioned, the exemplaryprocedure is one which utilizes a transapical access route to replace adysfunctional aortic valve. The presently disclosed pinch device 20 andassociated delivery system are designed for this access route and nativevalve replacement, but those of skill in art will understand thatcertain modifications will enable procedures utilizing alternativeaccess routes and for replacing different native valves. For example,the same transapical access route may be used to replace a mitral valveMV, though the shape of the pinch device 20 may be modified to negotiatethe chordae tendineae below the mitral valve.

In any event, the exemplary procedure commences by introduction of anaccess or delivery sheath 100 of an access or delivery system into theleft ventricle LV through an apical puncture 102 and advancing a distalend 104 of the sheath along a previously located/positioned guide wire106 into proximity with the aortic valve AV. Although, use of aguidewire is optional. As seen in FIG. 2A, the distal end 104 can bepositioned slightly beyond the aortic valve leaflets AVL and into theascending aorta AA. Positioning of the distal end 104 can be assisted byexternal visualization such as ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy andradiopaque markers in the distal end.

Because the apical puncture 102 is properly sealed around theaccess/delivery sheath 100, and due to other surgical precautions, theoperation can be accomplished while the heart is beating. Although notshown, introduction of the access/delivery sheath 100 to the apicalpuncture 102 typically occurs via an intercostal incision, often termeda “mini-thoracotomy.” Local exposure of the exterior of the heart isthen attained using subcutaneous incisions along with tissue spreadersand the like. The apical puncture 102 itself is initially formed using asmall needle, and the puncture thereby formed is enlarged using adilator. Purse string sutures or an access valve can be installed at theleft ventricular apex so that the access or delivery sheath 100 may beadvanced into the left ventricle without significant loss of blood.

FIG. 2B illustrates the procedure after expulsion of the pinch device 20from the access/delivery sheath 100 into the ascending aorta, and/orretraction of the distal end 104 of the sheath into the left ventricle.The health care provider (e.g., doctor, surgeon, etc.) can maintaincontrol of position of the pinch device 20 during this retraction, e.g.,by virtue of a plurality of deployment arms 108 that engage the buckles60. The deployment arms 108 can be fixed or can be slidable within theaccess/delivery sheath 100 and thus permit axial movement of the pinchdevice 20. Furthermore, the deployment arms 108 can have sufficientstiffness to permit the health care provider (e.g., doctor, surgeon,etc.) to translate rotational movement of the access sheath 100 torotation of the pinch device 20.

The illustrated pinch device 20 has three buckles 60 and thus threedeployment arms 108. Additional details of the control mechanism fordeploying the pinch device 20 will be described below. At this stage,the pinch device 20 has fully self-expanded and is positioned above theaortic valve AV. The arms 108 can extend across a native valve at thecommissures such that the arms and pinch device allow the nativeleaflets to continue functioning during deployment. For example,although not shown in the two-dimensional depiction, the threedeployment arms 108 extend across the aortic valve AV at the commissuresbetween the aortic valve leaflets AVL. In this way, the deployment arms108 do not interfere with proper functioning of the leaflets, enablingthe heart to continue to pump blood. Similar effect can be accomplishedat the mitral valve using, for example, two arms 108 that connect to twobuckles and cross at the two commissures of the mitral valve.Modifications for other valves are also possible.

The buckle 60 and vertical finger 62 can align with each of the peaks(e.g., the three peaks 30, 32, 34) of the pinch device 20. Therefore,the peaks (e.g., the three peaks 30, 32, 34) can align with the nativeheart valve commissures, and the valleys (e.g., the three valleys 40,42, 46) and any intermediate struts (e.g., 46, 48) can align with thenative valve leaflets (e.g., the three aortic valve leaflets AVL).Again, proper axial and rotational positioning of the pinch device 20can be accomplished by manipulation of the deployment arms 108 and/oraccess sheath 100, and can be facilitated by radiopaque markers on thepinch device 20 or deployment arms 108 that can be imaged from outsidethe body.

FIG. 2C shows the pinch device 20 is moved from the location where itwas expanded to a location closer to or in contact with the native valve(e.g., with the struts/peaks/valleys generally positioned outside orencircling the native leaflets). For example, in the example shown, thepinch device 20 is retracted proximally until it is generally positionedat the aortic valve AV to the outside of the aortic valve leaflets AVL.Again, although it is not shown in two dimensions, the circumferentialspan of the pinch device 20 between the peaks 30, 32, 34 (comprising thestruts 46, 48 and one of the valleys 40, 42, 44) lies to the outside ofeach of the three aortic valve leaflets AVL. Conversely, the peaks 30,32, 34 as well as the vertical struts 62 are aligned with the aorticvalve commissures and pass between the aortic valve leaflets AVL. Thebuckles 60 and terminal end of the deployment arms 108 can be locatedabove or below the level of the native valve or aortic valve AV,depending on the precise positioning and length of the vertical struts62. Retraction of the pinch device 20 may be accomplished by retractingthe deployment arms 108 into the access sheath 100, as shown, or simplyby pulling back the access sheath 100 in a proximal direction.

In FIG. 2D, a delivery catheter 110 having a prosthetic heart valve 112mounted thereon has been advanced through the access sheath 100 untilthe heart valve is expelled from the distal end 104. The access sheath100 has an internal lumen (not shown) sufficiently large to enablepassage of the delivery catheter 110 therethrough even in the presenceof the deployment arms 108. The delivery catheter 110 can be one usedfor delivering a variety of expandable heart valves 112, such as forexample the Edwards Certitude Delivery System from Edwards Lifesciencesof Irvine, Calif. which is used to transapically deliver the SAPIEN 3Transcatheter Heart Valve. The Certitude Delivery System is designed foruse through lumens of access sheaths having an outer dimension of 18 Fr,which is equivalent to a diameter of 6 mm. Other delivery catheters andconfigurations are also possible as the access/delivery sheath 100 canbe configured to allow different types of delivery catheters to beintroduced or passed therethrough.

FIG. 2E subsequently shows advancement of the prosthetic heart valve 112into a position within the native valve and pinch device and outwardexpansion of the prosthetic heart valve. For example, FIG. 2E showsadvancement of the prosthetic heart valve 112 into a position within theaortic valve leaflets AVL and outward expansion thereof. In theillustrated embodiment, a balloon 114 on the distal end of the ballooncatheter 110 is used to plastically expand the heart valve 112 outwardinto contact with the leaflets. Due to the surrounding presence of thepinch device 20, the leaflets are clamped or pinched (e.g., partially orfully) therebetween. Typically, the expanded diameter of the pinchdevice 20 is slightly smaller than the fully expanded diameter of theheart valve 112. In this manner, full expansion of the heart valve 112causes slight outward expansion of the pinch device 20, which sets up areactive inward resilient spring force. Preferably, the diameters of thefully expanded heart valve 112 and fully expanded pinch device 20 arecalibrated such that a predetermined clamping force is applied to theaortic valve leaflets AVL. For example, a clamping force of betweenabout 1-3 pounds is considered desirable. This clamping force issufficient to anchor the prosthetic heart valve 112 into place,resisting subsequent migration. Other forms of expansion of the heartvalve 112 are also possible, such as self-expansion, mechanicalexpansion, or a combination of expansion forms.

In terms of positioning, the heart valve 112 typically has threeflexible leaflets (e.g., three artificial leaflets, leaflets formed oftissue such as pericardial tissue, etc.) therein divided by commissureregions. The three leaflets of the prosthetic valve 112 are thus alignedwith the three native aortic valve leaflets AVL and thus with theportions of the pinch device 20 between the peaks 30, 32, 34. In apreferred embodiment, the heart valve 112 is longer axially than theaxial dimension of the pinch device 20, at least between the peaks andvalleys. The location of the distal end of the heart valve 112 isapproximately the same as the peaks 30, 32, 34 of the pinch device 20,but the proximal end 116 is preferably located farther into the leftventricle LV than the valleys 40, 42, 44.

In one embodiment, the deployment arms 108 remain attached to thebuckles 60 until a desired position of the heart valve 112 isestablished. For a balloon-expandable heart valve, once the balloon 114is inflated, the support frame of the heart valve 112 expands outwardinto its final diameter, at which point the deployment arms 108 can bedecoupled from the buckles 60. If the heart valve 112 isself-expandable, the health care provider (e.g., doctor, surgeon, etc.)can be able to first expand and then constrict the valve forrepositioning if necessary. Alternatively, the deployment arms 108 maybe decoupled from the buckles 60 prior to introduction of the heartvalve 112, as seen in FIG. 2E. Again, radiopaque markers on the pinchdevice 20 and the heart valve 112 can be used to coordinate their dualdeployment. It is important to note again that because of the singledelivery system the heart valve 112 is initially concentric with thepinch device 20 such that just axial and rotational alignment isrequired.

FIG. 2E shows the heart valve 112 fully expanded which pinches theaortic valve leaflets AVL against the inward spring force of the pinchdevice 20. Because the cross-section is offset from the 120° spacing ofthe leaflets, this is not shown precisely in the drawing. During theprocess, the heart continues to beat and as soon as the heart valve 112is expanded and the balloon 114 deflated, the prosthetic valve takesover the function of the native heart valve. Fluoroscopy can be used toconfirm proper performance of the heart valve 112. Finally, the healthcare provider (e.g., doctor, surgeon, etc.) can retract the deliverycatheter 110 with the deflated balloon 114 back into the access sheath100. The entire delivery system is then removed from the body with thevarious puncture and access incisions closed up.

Additional Pinch Device Features and Configurations

Different numbers of peaks, valleys, struts, etc. can be used in a pinchdevice. For example, FIG. 3A is a perspective view of an exemplary pinchdevice 120 having six peaks 122 and six valleys 124 around itscircumference for use in heart valve replacement procedures describedherein. As above, there are buckles each at an end of an extension. Forexample, three buckles 126 at the lower end of three vertical extensions128 (e.g., fingers or struts). The buckles 126 are positioned belowevery other peak 122, and thus the pinch device 120 is suitable for useat the aortic valve with the vertical struts 128 and buckles 126extending along the commissures and between the leaflets thereof toallow function of the native leaflets during delivery and deployment. Inbetween each of the peaks 122 having the integrated buckles 126,additional struts (shown in a W-shaped strut configuration) are providedwhich can enhance the clamping force of the pinch device 120 against thenative leaflets.

The extensions and buckles can also be configured in different ways. Forexample, FIG. 3B is an exemplary pinch device 130 modified for analternative valve replacement procedure. The main portion of the pinchdevice 130 is similar to the pinch device 20 described above, with threepeaks 132 evenly spaced between three valleys 134. However, instead ofthe buckles extending downward from the peaks 132, extensions orvertical struts 136 having buckles 138 on their ends extend upward fromthe three peaks 132. With this configuration, the delivery systemengages the pinch device 130 from above, meaning the peaks 132 are onthe proximal end and the valleys 134 extend distally, in terms ofdelivery orientation. An exemplary procedure may involve advancing thedelivery system through the vasculature and down the ascending aorta AAto deliver the pinch device 130 around the aortic valve leaflets AVL.Alternatively, the pinch device 130 may be advanced into a positionaround the mitral valve leaflets. It will be understood that a number ofpossible delivery routes and valve replacement procedures may beperformed using the pinch device 130.

Access/Delivery System

FIGS. 4A-4D are perspective views of an exemplary access or deliverysystem 150 having the tubular access or delivery sheath 100 describedabove showing sequential steps in expulsion and release of the pinchdevice 20 from the sheath. The access system 150 includes the accesssheath 100 extending distally from a proximal handle 152, and caninclude and/or house a linear displacement mechanism for the pinchdevice 20 and/or sheath. For example, the displacement mechanism can beconfigured to move the sheath relative to the pinch device and handle(e.g., the pinch device and the handle or a portion of the handle can befixed relative to each other, while the sheath moves), can be configuredto move the pinch device relative to the sheath and handle (e.g., thesheath and handle or a portion of the handle can be fixed relative toeach other, while the pinch device moves), a combination of these, etc.In the illustrated embodiment, the handle 152 includes a proximal gripportion 154 slidably mounted over a distal housing 156 in a telescopingfashion. The grip portion 154 is fixed to move linearly with respect tothe deployment arms 108 which in turn are coupled to the buckles 60(FIG. 2B) on the pinch device 20. The grip portion 154 is shown movingto the left between FIGS. 4A and 4B relative to the housing 156 whichexpels the pinch device 20 from the distal end 104 of the access sheath100.

Linear motion of the grip portion 154 relative to the housing 156 may beaccomplished in a variety of ways. In the illustrations, a thumbwheel160 having gear teeth on its periphery is mounted for rotation on thegrip portion 154 and has a lower generatrix in meshing engagement with arack 162 having similar gear teeth axially positioned on the housing156. A user can easily hold the grip portion 154 while manipulating thethumbwheel 160 to expel the pinch device 20 from the sheath 100.Alternatively, the handle 152 may be formed of a single memberincorporating a linear slider which may be moved back and forth todisplace the pinch device 20. Still further linear displacementmechanisms or other displacement mechanisms are contemplated.

FIGS. 4C and 4D, in conjunction with FIGS. 5A and 5B, show an exemplaryconfiguration for coupling and decoupling the deployment arms 108 andthe buckles 60 on the pinch device 20, although other configurations arealso possible. In the enlarged view of FIG. 5A, a distal end 164 of oneof the deployment arms 108 extends within the central aperture of theopen square buckle 60. The deployment arms 108 are tubular and thedistal end 164 is separated from the main portion of the arm by a cutout166 formed partly as a ramped edge 168 on its distal side. A filament170 extends along the length of the tubular arm 108, emerges at thecutout 166, and passes over a proximal portion of the buckle 60 andthrough the distal end 164. The filament 170 then continues in a distaldirection along the vertical strut 62 and can be tucked underneath thefabric 24 that covers the pinch device 20. The filament 170 can be madeof a polymer suture material, can be a thin Nitinol wire, or be made ofanother suitable material. By this arrangement, the buckle 60 iscaptured within the cutout 166 at the distal end of the deployment arm108.

FIG. 5B is an enlarged view of the deployment arm 108 decoupling fromthe buckle 60. In particular, the filament 170 is retracted proximallywhich releases the buckle 60 from within the cutout 166. The ramped edge168 facilitates the release by minimizing any friction.

The filament 170 can be retracted in a variety of ways. For example,FIG. 4C illustrates an exemplary two-step operation for retracting thefilament 170, which is also shown in greater detail in FIGS. 7A-7C.Namely, in step 1 the user first rotates an end cap 172 provided on aproximal end of the handle 152 which enables proximal movement of an endsleeve 174 in step 2. As will be described below with reference to FIGS.6E, the filament 170 is fixed linearly with respect to the end sleeve174 and moves relative to the deployment arm 108 with the end sleeve. Ofcourse, all three filaments 170 are displaced in a proximal directionwith the end sleeve 174, which releases all three buckles 60 anddecouples the access system 150 from the pinch device 20.

FIG. 4D illustrates subsequent proximal retraction of the deploymentarms 108 within the access sheath 100. This can be accomplished byreversing the direction of the thumbwheel 160 on the rack 162 which canpull the grip portion 154 back along the housing 156. As mentionedabove, this operation can be performed prior to or after advancement ofthe prosthetic heart valve delivery catheter 110.

FIG. 6A is a broken vertical sectional view through the exemplary accesssystem 150 including the access sheath 100 with a pinch device 20compressed and held therein. FIG. 6B is a vertical sectional viewthrough a distal end of the access sheath 100 after expulsion of thepinch device 20 therefrom but before decoupling of the deployment arms108. FIG. 6C is a sectional view through the proximal handle 152 inparticular showing a number of hemostatic seals, while FIGS. 6D and 6Eare enlarged views of portions of FIG. 6C.

The access/delivery sheath 100 can be inserted into a body and extendinto the heart from the exterior of the body, with the proximal handle152 located outside the body. In one embodiment, the access sheath 100possesses an external hydrophilic coating and has a length of at least 8inches (˜20 cm) so that it can extend from outside the body into theleft ventricle and reach the native annulus or aortic annulus. However,for transapical procedures, the access sheath 100 can have a maximumlength of about 12 inches (˜30 cm) to avoid becoming unduly flexible.

The handle 152 in FIG. 6A is in the same configuration as seen in solidline in FIG. 4A, with the grip portion 154 telescoped proximally awayfrom the housing 156. Consequently, the deployment arms 108 and pinchdevice 20 are retracted into the access sheath 100. Once deployed, asseen in FIG. 6B, the deployment arms 108 can project forward from orrelative to the distal end 104 of the sheath. The natural elasticity(or, optionally, pre-set shape, e.g. in shape memory material) of thepinch device 20 can permit it to expand to an enlarged diameter. Becauseof the high flexibility of the deployment arms 108, they can flexoutwardly by virtue of their engagement with the buckles 60.

It should be noted that when the pinch device 20 is retracted within theaccess sheath 100, a central channel remains through the pinch deviceeven though it is compressed into a much smaller diameter. The centralchannel permits passage of a guide wire, such as that shown at 106 inFIG. 2A, or other instruments used during the insertion procedure. Itshould also be noted that, when the pinch device 20 is constricted intoits smaller diameter within the sheath 100, the V-shaped struts 46, 48can come together in linear alignment and extend, such that the valleys40, 42, 44 are located proximal to the buckles 60. Conversely, whenexpanded, the struts (e.g., V-shaped struts 46, 48) can spread apart andbe shorter axially, and the buckles 60 can be located proximal theretoas shown in FIG. 6B.

The handle 152 provides both a mechanism for displacing the pinch device20 axially as well as a number of seals for preventing blood leakagearound instruments passed therethrough, including the heart valvedelivery catheter 110. In this regard, the access system 150 functionssomewhat like an introducer used to establish an access pathway into theheart for passage of instruments. For example, as seen in FIG. 6C, acentral lumen 180 can extend through the middle of the handle 152 fromthe proximal end of the access sheath 100 to an aperture 182 in the endcap 172. The central lumen 180 in the handle 152 can be common with andextend into the lumen within the access sheath 104 for passage of thedelivery catheter 110 (e.g., a balloon catheter, etc.). Within thehandle lumen 180 can reside one or more valves, for example, hemostasisvalves 184, 186, 188, which can be mounted within an inner housing orfunnel-shaped inner housing for sealing around different sizedinstruments. For example, looking in series from proximal to distal inFIG. 6C, the handle 152 encompasses a cross-slit valve 184, a disk valve186, and a duck-bill valve 188. These three valves function to provide aseal when there are no instruments, as well as when several differentsizes of instruments pass through the handle 152. For example, thevalves can seal around both the guidewire 106 and the delivery catheter110 as previously shown.

Additionally, the access/delivery system can include one or more sealsbetween parts of the handle 152 that prevent leakage from within thecentral lumen 180. The housing 156 can be attached to a tapered distalnose 190 around the distal end of which can be provided an elastomericstress relief ferrule 192. The proximal end of the access sheath 100 canbe fitted closely through a through bore in the ferrule 192 and can besecured within a lumen of the distal nose 190. As seen best in FIG. 6D,an O-ring 194 can be used to provide a seal around the exterior of theaccess sheath 100 and the interior of the distal nose 190. Furthermore,a tubular elastomeric seal 196 can be used and can be configured suchthat it extend around a segment of the access sheath 100 that spans thejunction between the distal nose 190 and ferrule 192. Each of thedeployment arms 108 can extend proximally into the handle from channelswithin the access sheath 100 and can angle radially outward intochannels 197 in the distal nose 190. In doing so, the deployment arms108 pass outward through the wall of the access sheath 100. To preventblood leakage through these openings, the arms 108 can pass throughsmall apertures that can be formed in the elastomeric seal 196, whichapertures can be configured to close/seal around each of the deploymentarms 108 and prevent leakage. At the same time, the apertures in theseal 196 can be configured and formed such that they do not undulyinhibit sliding movement of the deployment arms 108 therethrough. Asecond O-ring 198 can be used to further provide a seal around a distalend of the inner housing. In this way, blood that travels proximallythrough the access sheath 100 is prevented from escaping radiallyoutward through the central lumen 180 within the handle 152.

FIG. 6E illustrates a proximal section of the handle 152 which isinstructive in understanding the exemplary mechanism shown fordecoupling the deployment arms 108 from the pinch device 20. Asmentioned above, the grip portion 154 slidably mounts over the distalhousing 156 in a telescoping fashion. A proximal end 200 of eachdeployment arm 108 is secured within a bore of an annular washer 202that is secured within the grip portion 154 such as with fasteners 204(see FIG. 6C). Consequently, the deployment arms 108 are secured to andmove axially with the grip portion 154. The inner filaments 170 thatextend through the deployment arms 108 continue proximally through anaperture formed in the proximal end of the grip portion 154 and throughanother aperture provided in an annular wall 206 which is part of theend sleeve 174. An enlargement 208 such as a crimped tube, bead, orother such device is secured to a proximal end of the filament 170 toprevent the filament from being able to slide distally relative to theend sleeve 174. Consequently, when the end sleeve 174 is displaced in aproximal direction relative to the grip portion 154, such as wasdescribed above with reference to FIG. 4C, the filament 170 is alsodisplaced in proximal direction relative to the respective deploymentarm 108.

FIGS. 7A-7C are enlarged views of the proximal end of the access systemhandle 152 showing operation of the exemplary decoupling assembly forthe deployment arms 108. FIG. 7A illustrates inward compression of apair of spring-loaded locking buttons 210 to permit rotation of the endcap 172. More specifically, the locking buttons 210 can be configured toprevent rotation of the end cap 172 until they are depressed. Otherlocking mechanisms to prevent undesired rotation are also possible. Asdescribed above, the end cap 172 is rotated in a clockwise (CW)direction prior to displacing the end sleeve 174 proximally relative tothe grip portion 154.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of showing the end cap 172 removed from theend sleeve 174. The annular wall 206 of the end sleeve 174 can be seenas well as the enlargements 208 on the proximal end of the filaments(not shown). A plurality of locking tabs 212 (also seen in FIG. 6C)extend proximally from the annular washer 202 secured to the gripportion 154 through openings 214 provided in the annular wall 206. Eachof the locking tabs 212 can have a small radially inward tooth (notnumbered) thereon that catches on the openings 214 and secures the endsleeve 174 on the proximal end of the grip portion 154. Because thelocking tabs 212 are cantilevered and flexible, they can be cammedoutward in a variety of ways to release the teeth from the openings 214,thus releasing the end sleeve 174 to move.

Rotation of the end cap 172 can cam the locking tabs 212 outward. Forexample, FIG. 8 shows an exemplary trilobular cam member 216 extendingin a distal direction on the inside of the end cap 172. When assembledto the end of the end sleeve 174, the cam member 216 fits radiallybetween the three locking tabs 212, as seen in FIG. 9A. Prior torotation of the end cap 172 and displacement of the end sleeve 174,lesser radial portions of the cam member 216 are adjacent to or incontact with the locking tabs 212. Rotation of the end cap 172 by 60°causes the lobes of the trilobular cam member 216 to cam the lockingtabs 212 outward, as seen in FIG. 9B. This releases the teeth on thelocking tabs 212 from the openings 214 in the end sleeve 174, thusallowing the user to pull the end sleeve in a proximal direction, asseen in FIG. 7C. Once again, this causes the annular wall 206 to pullthe enlargements 208 on the ends of the filaments 170 proximally, thusdecoupling the deployment arms 108 from the pinch device buckle 60, aswas seen in FIG. 5B.

While the invention has been described with reference to particularembodiments, it will be understood that various changes and additionalvariations may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elementsthereof without departing from the scope of the invention or theinventive concept thereof. In addition, many modifications may be madeto adapt a particular situation or device to the teachings of theinvention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Featuresand components described with respect to one embodiment can beincorporated into other embodiments even if not expressly described withrespect to that embodiment. Methods can include any of the steps recitedor implicitly included herein, and the steps can be ordered in differentways. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to theparticular embodiments disclosed herein, but that the invention willinclude all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: providing an access systemcomprising a handle and an access sheath defining a common lumen, and apinch device disposed within a distal end portion of the access sheathin a constricted state, the handle comprising a housing and a gripportion slidably mounted over the housing and coupled to a plurality ofdeployment arms extending through the access sheath and coupled to thepinch device; introducing a distal end portion of the access sheath intoa subject's heart through an apical puncture in the left ventricle andadvancing the distal end portion beyond a native aortic valve and intothe subject's ascending aorta; moving the deployment arms and pinchdevice axially relative to the access sheath by actuating the gripportion to expel the pinch device therefrom and allow the pinch deviceto self-expand to an expanded state; positioning the expanded pinchdevice around native heart valve leaflets; inserting a distal endportion of a delivery catheter on which a radially expandable andcompressible prosthetic heart valve is mounted into the common lumenthrough the handle; advancing the delivery catheter through the accesssystem to position the prosthetic heart valve within the native heartvalve leaflets and within the pinch device; and expanding the prostheticheart valve to pinch the native heart valve leaflets between theprosthetic heart valve and the pinch device.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the access sheath comprises a plurality of channels in which theplurality of deployment arms are disposed.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein all steps are performed while the subject's heart is beating. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein the pinch device is separate from theprosthetic heart valve and has an expanded state defining an annularframe formed around a central axis and having peaks and valleysextending in opposite axial directions around its periphery, the pinchdevice including an inner body covered with a biocompatible fabriccovering, with a plurality of buckles integrated with the inner body andprojecting from a proximal end without being covered by the fabriccovering.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein distal end portions of thedeployment arms are coupled to respective buckles of the pinch devicevia a plurality of filaments each extending through a respectivedeployment arm.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising releasingthe pinch device from the deployment arms by retracting the plurality offilaments using a release mechanism comprising an end sleeve and an endcap.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising, prior to releasingthe pinch device, rotating the release mechanism from a locked statewherein the release mechanism is restrained from axial movement relativeto the housing to an unlocked state.
 8. The method of claim 1, whereinthe access system comprises one or more hemostatic seals disposed in thehandle, and wherein inserting the distal end of the delivery catheterthrough the handle includes allowing the one or more hemostatic seals toseal against an outer surface of the delivery catheter.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein actuating the grip portion comprises rotating athumbwheel comprising a plurality of teeth engaged with a correspondingplurality of teeth on a linear rack coupled to the housing to move thegrip portion relative to the housing.
 10. A method, comprising: creatingan apical puncture in a left ventricle of a subject's heart; introducingan access sheath of an access system through the apical puncture andadvancing a distal end portion of the access sheath such that the distalend portion is proximate a native heart valve, the access system furthercomprising a handle from which the access sheath extends distally, thehandle coupled to a plurality of deployment arms extending distally fromthe handle through the access sheath; expelling a radially expandableand compressible pinch device from the distal end portion of the accesssheath, the pinch device comprising an annular frame having peaks andvalleys extending in opposite axial directions around its periphery, thepinch device further comprising a plurality of struts extending from theannular frame and coupled to the plurality of deployment arms; allowingthe pinch device to self-expand to an expended state and positioning thepinch device via the plurality of deployment arms radially outsidenative heart valve leaflets such that the struts are aligned withcommissures of the native heart valve; inserting a distal end portion ofa delivery catheter on which a radially expandable and compressibleprosthetic heart valve is mounted into a common lumen of the handle andaccess sheath; advancing the delivery catheter through the access systemto position the prosthetic heart valve within the native heart valveleaflets and within the pinch device; expanding the prosthetic heartvalve to pinch the native heart valve leaflets between the prostheticheart valve and the pinch device; and decoupling the plurality ofdeployment arms from the struts of the pinch device using a releasemechanism comprising an end cap and an end sleeve.
 11. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the step of positioning the distal end portion of theaccess sheath proximate a native heart valve comprises advancing thedistal end portion beyond a native aortic valve and into the subject'sascending aorta.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the end sleeve ofthe release mechanism is coupled to a plurality of filaments extendingthrough the deployment arms and coupling the deployment arms to aplurality of buckles on the struts of the pinch device, and whereindecoupling the plurality of deployment arms comprises axially moving theend sleeve relative to the handle to retract the plurality of filaments.13. The method of claim 10, wherein the handle comprises a housing and agrip portion slidably mounted over the housing and coupled to thedeployment arms, and wherein expelling the pinch device comprises movingthe deployment arms and pinch device relative to the access sheath byaxially moving the grip portion relative to the housing.
 14. The methodof claim 13, wherein actuating the grip portion comprises rotating athumbwheel comprising a plurality of teeth engaged with a correspondingplurality of teeth on a linear rack coupled to the housing to move thegrip portion relative to the housing.
 15. The method of claim 10,wherein the pinch device comprises circumferential struts connectingeach two adjacent peaks and valleys each of which is generally S-shaped,with two curvatures separated by a point of inflection.
 16. The methodof claim 15, wherein each of the circumferential struts terminates atits corresponding peak and valley in an asymptotic manner such that itis nearly aligned with a vertical Z-axis.
 17. The method of claim 10,further comprising, prior to decoupling the pinch device, rotating therelease mechanism from a locked state wherein the release mechanism isrestrained from axial movement relative to a housing of the handle to anunlocked state.
 18. A method, comprising: creating an apical puncture ina left ventricle of a subject's heart; introducing an access sheath ofan access system through the apical puncture, the access systemcomprising a handle from which the access sheath extends distally, thehandle comprising a housing, a grip portion, and a release mechanismcomprising an end sleeve and an end cap; advancing a distal end portionof the access sheath beyond a native aortic valve and into the subject'sascending aorta; expelling a radially expandable and compressible pinchdevice from the distal end portion of the access sheath by actuating thegrip portion, the pinch device comprising an annular frame having peaksand valleys extending in opposite axial directions around its periphery,the pinch device further comprising a plurality of fingers extendingfrom the annular frame each comprising a buckle coupled to a respectivedeployment arm of a plurality of deployment arms extending from the gripportion; allowing the pinch device to self-expand to an expended stateand positioning the pinch device via the plurality of deployment armsradially outside native heart valve leaflets such that the fingers arealigned with commissures of the native heart valve; inserting a distalend portion of a delivery catheter on which a radially expandable andcompressible prosthetic heart valve is mounted into a common lumen ofthe handle and access sheath through an opening in the releasemechanism; advancing the delivery catheter through the access system toposition the prosthetic heart valve within the native heart valveleaflets and within the pinch device; expanding the prosthetic heartvalve to pinch the native heart valve leaflets between the prostheticheart valve and the pinch device; rotating the end cap of the releasemechanism to move the release mechanism from a locked state wherein therelease mechanism is restrained from axial movement relative to thehousing to an unlocked state; and actuating the end sleeve of therelease mechanism to decouple the plurality of deployment arms from thefingers of the pinch device.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the endsleeve of the release mechanism is coupled to a plurality of filamentsextending through the deployment arms and coupling the deployment armsto the plurality of buckles, and wherein decoupling the plurality ofdeployment arms comprises axially moving the end sleeve relative to thehandle to retract the plurality of filaments.
 20. The method of claim18, wherein actuating the grip portion comprises rotating a thumbwheelcomprising a plurality of teeth engaged with a corresponding pluralityof teeth on a linear rack coupled to the housing to move the gripportion relative to the housing.